Case Study on Drug Testing in Nigeria Essay - 2084 Words

Drug Testing in Nigeria Table of Contents Introduction 3 Background 3-4 Ethical Dilemma 4-5 Situational Analysis 5-6 Stakeholder Analysis 6-7 Analysis Based on Ethical Theories 7-8 Conclusion and Recommendations 8-9 References 10 Drug Testing in Nigeria Introduction ‘What if a drug company experimenting on critically ill children does not get the proper Parental consent, 11 of those children die and a whistleblower is fired?’ (Perlroth. 2008) This paper will discuss the issues caused by the actions taken by Pfizer Pharmaceutical Company. First, we will discuss the ethical dilemmas caused by the testing and identify the factors related to individuals involved; companies and managerial practices and policies, as well as†¦show more content†¦In addition, there was the pressure to finish testing and get FDA approval. On the other hand, the children and people of Kano needed medical aid more than anything but only a few were receiving it, in the form of Intramuscular antibiotics that were difficult to administer. Trovan promised a quick cure with a bottle of pills (Spar and Day, 2006, p. 11). According to one drug researcher, it ‘was kind of a desperate time for Nigeria, they were happy to have anyone come in and do just about any kind of work’ (Stephens, 1996/7). Pfizer had already tested a combination of oral and intravenous Trovan successfully on two strains of bacteria known to cause meningitis. Scientific research strongly suggests that Trovan would be effective against the Nigerian bacteria (Spar and Day, 2006, p. 10). Another ethical dilemma could be conducting medical experiments without the consent of the Families as well as exploiting of a developing country. Situational Analysis Several factors helped to create the ethical dilemmas addressed above. Pfizer pharmaceutical company has an estimated market value of Troval once the FDA approves all its uses. Upon approval, it would be worth $1 billion. It was also critical for pharmaceutical companies to have an uninterrupted flow of new drug discoveries, as it was essential for growth and profitability (Spar and Day, 2006, p. 3). According to scientist, overseasShow MoreRelatedPfizer s Drug Testing Strategy1275 Words   |  6 Pagesreading Pfizer’s Drug-Testing Strategy in Nigeria in Chapter 4 of International Business (Hill, 2011), in 2006 it was determined that the world’s largest pharmaceutical company, Pfizer Inc, violated an international law by Nigerian officials. This is law made it illegal for unapproved drugs to be tested on human beings. The crime took place in 1996 when a test drug, Trovan, was given to nearly 100 children suffering from a deadly strain of meningitis. Five of the chi ldren given the drug died while 6Read MoreAids : Hiv And Aids1144 Words   |  5 PagesHIV/AIDS IN NIGERIA Introduction The first case of HIV was reported in 1981 and since then, it has spread rapidly turning into a pandemic (WHO 2014). Thirty-five million people currently live with HIV worldwide and 2.1 million deaths were recorded in 2013 (WHO 2014). HIV in the WHO African region is the highest in the world as the continent bears 70% of the disease burden (WHO AFRO 2013). In 2013, 24 million people in Africa were reported to be living with HIV. One of the high burden countries inRead MoreHiv in Nigeria2247 Words   |  9 PagesThe history of HIV and AIDS in Nigeria The first two HIV cases in Nigeria were identified in 1985 and were reported at an international AIDS conference in 19866. In 1987 the Nigerian health sector established the National AIDS Advisory Committee, which was shortly followed by the establishment of the National Expert Advisory Committee on AIDS (NEACA). At first the Nigerian government was slow to respond to the increasing rates of HIV transmission7 and it was only in 1991 that the Federal MinistryRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Completely Preventable Disease Essay1973 Words   |  8 PagesNigeria has one of the most prominent HIV/AIDS population in the world. While HIV/AIDS is a completely preventable disease, one would expect a considerable decrease in the amount of new cases each year. Each year Nigeria sees a total of 250,000 new cases and currently there are 3.5 million people living with HIV/AIDS. Sixty-three percent of those people aged 0-24 and the prevalence rates for young women are higher than those for men. HIV/AIDS impacts the physical body as well as emotional stabilityRead MoreEbola Is A Very Harmful Disease1649 Words   |  7 Pagesfamily. Ebola was discovered in Yambuku, Sudan in 1976. There have been 1,001 deaths from Ebola since 1995. Many small outbreaks have happened since then, but there are no current cases now. A lot of the cases where from people travelling to places that have had Ebola outbreaks. Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Senegal, Spain, U.S., Mali, and the United Kingdom have all been affected by Ebola. Now here is a commonly asked question, how patients should be taken care of? What happens inRead MoreThe Spread Of Hiv / Aids2482 Words   |  10 Pagesmost areas of Africa, but it is especially severe is Nigeria. As of 2013, there are 3.2 million people living with HIV in this country, which has also led to approximately 210,000 AIDS related deaths (HIV, p. 1). There are many aspects contributing to the reason that HIV/AIDS is so prominent in this area of Africa, but there are also several steps being taken to slow the spread and ultimately contain this virus. The Spreading of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria Religious Norms HIV and AIDS can be spread in multipleRead MoreDifferent Definitions Of Key Terms1220 Words   |  5 Pages0 Introduction This chapter focuses on what other scholars have written about risks associated with oil and gas exploration, drilling and extraction in various parts of the World. The chapter is structured in accordance with the objectives of the study, that is, to assess the social-economic risks associated with oil and gas exploration, drilling and extraction, to assess the environmental risks associated with oil and gas exploration, drilling and extraction and to suggest possible ways/measuresRead MoreAssessing Patient Satisfaction With The Services Accessed Under The National Health Insurance Scheme At Fmc Keffi Essay999 Words   |  4 PagesMETHODOLOGY 3.1 Study Design: This is a cross-sectional study to assess patient satisfaction with the services accessed under the national health insurance scheme at FMC-Keffi. 3.2 Description of Study Area: FMC-Keffi is a government hospital, located in Keffi, Nasarawa State, Nigeria and it is one of the foremost hospitals in Nigeria. FMC-Keffi came into existence in July 2000, following the takeover of the former General Hospital Keffi by the Federal Government. The centre was establishedRead MoreChildhood Immunization Against 16 Pathogens1170 Words   |  5 Pagesbe found in small traceable amounts. Vaccines undergo rigorous safety testing prior to being approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are continually  monitored for safety. According to Dr. Paul Offit, MD, children are exposed to more bacteria, viruses, toxins, and other harmful substances in one day of normal activity than are found in vaccines (Heyworth, 2014). The FDA requires up to 10 years or more of testing for safety of all vaccines and their ingredients before they are licensedRead MoreQuality Control Tests on Soaps4296 Words   |  18 Pagesthe theme: â€Å"Shea nut industry in Nigeria: exploiting its potentials for economic growth and development â€Å". I commend the management of Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) for organizing this seminar which provides a forum for the various stakeholders to engage in discussions towards exploiting the potentials of Shea nut industry for economic growth. The theme of the conference is also timely considering the efforts being made by various sectors in order to rescue Nigeria from the impact of the global financial

Coping with Stress Essay - 2034 Words

Stress is part of our lives. We live with it, deal with it, and above all worry about it. Our way of life, the area in which we live, the economy, and our jobs can cause a great deal of stress. Not everyone deals with the same level of stress and there are several factors that can impact our lives and cause us to have higher or lower stress levels. We can have stress caused by Cataclysmic events which according to Feldman (2009) are events that can affect many people at the same time and are â€Å"disasters such as tornado and plane crashes, as well as terrorist attacks†. (p418). Other factors are personal stressors and can be caused by events such as a divorce, death or a loved one or the loss of a job. (Feldman, 2009). The†¦show more content†¦These are stressors we live with and deal with on a daily basis. Work Stress and Mental Health Some people have higher levels of stress because they might have a very stressful job. Police officers, fire fighters, soldiers in a war zone, health care providers, long distance truck drivers, and yes, even educators (think of a classroom full of students where you are responsible for making sure that they are learning the skills they need to succeed) have very stressful jobs. According to Elkin and Rosch (1990) workplace related stress in a major problem in the U.S. and it creates a major expense for corporations. Koeske, Kirk, and Koeske (1993) indicate that all jobs have some level of stress but jobs that are in the human services have additional stressors because they â€Å"derive from intense involvement in the lives of others†. (p.319). They also refer to the type of stress experienced by individuals working in human services as â€Å"burnout† (Koeske, Kirk, and Koeske, 1993, p.319). Another factor that can influence our st ress level is how we handle life’s demands. There are different ways of reacting to the situations we face every day of our lives. We have all heard of expressions such as ‘road rage’ and ‘going postal’. These are terms that we have come to identified with violent reactions to stressors caused by situations all of us face every day. How many of us have experiences in the road thatShow MoreRelatedCoping With Stress And Stress1434 Words   |  6 PagesIn a research, it is shown that 80% of the adults from the age of 30 – 50 admit that they have had a lot of stress in the past year. (Ted Talks, 2013) Adults who are working say work stress is the most major stress that they have. (Delvin, 2011) In Canada, the percentage of the population experiencing high level of stress has not decreased but increased since 2003. From the year 2012 to 2013, the percentage has already risen from 22.7% to 23.0%. Despite of the small change in numbers, it is a observedRead MoreCoping Stress958 Words   |  4 PagesStudents Coping with College Life and Stress In the present day, there are many common factors amongst college students, that may lead a student to feel overwhelmed. Some students may face depression, anxiety, stress, eating disorders, along with other challenges. However, there are ways for college students to cope with what they are dealing with. Coping with these stresses will be an advantage for students. It is important to know what the causes are for students who are overwhelmed, who it affectsRead MoreCoping With Stress And Burnout Essay1659 Words   |  7 Pages  ¬ Coping with Stress and Burnout in the Pediatric Oncology Nursing Field Erica R. Keim Bloomsburg University ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬ Abstract Background. Pediatric Oncology Nursing is nursing that involves the care of children under the age of eighteen that have been diagnosed with cancer. This field of work is commonly associated with burnout and high levels of stress among the working staff. Although prevalent in every workplace, causes and coping methods of both burnout and stress have been neglectedRead MoreCoping With Stress Essay1454 Words   |  6 Pagespeople have stress and they find ways to cope. Stress is a person’s feeling that is created by our body when there is certain event that can cause tension to strain upon our physical, mental, and emotional state. Stress can be caused by being in college, the tests, homework, clinicals and state boards can have an overwhelming amount of pressure. Stress can be physical and mental strain on our body, this can be very harmful. The tragic loss of a loved one can cause tremendous amount of stress. LearningRead MoreCoping With Stress Essay2106 Words   |  9 Page sCollege is all about accomplishing schoolwork at the wee hours, and waking up early in the morning to run errands; surviving college requires diligence, and is definitely stressful. Many researchers have their own definition of stress, but the primary definition of stress is it is a subjective feeling produced by events perceived as being threatening and uncontrollable. Similarly, there are a number of events that can be stressful to people from minor to chronic events, and these events that causeRead MoreReflection On Coping With Stress769 Words   |  4 Pageshave learned that I am not doing so well in coping with stress from life since I have been taking this class. Many different things that I have not paid attention to as warning signs not just to my emotions, but also to my health. First, we have to define what the word adjustment is in physiology to be able to understand how to deal with everyday stressors and situations that arise in our lives. â€Å"Adjustment is the phy siological process of adapting, coping with and managing.† (Santrock, 2006. P.5).Read MoreCoping with Stress in an Organization2242 Words   |  9 PagesCoping With Stress In An Organization 26 November 1994 Table of Contents I. Introduction II. Defining Stress III. Types of Stress IV. How to Handle Stress V. Recognizing Stress VI. The Military and Stress VII. Summary I. INTRODUCTION Since the beginning of mankind there has always been some kind of stress affecting how people feel, act and cope with situations. In this paper we will look at the definition of stress and what causes peopleRead MoreEssay On Stress And Coping1885 Words   |  8 Pagesslower. When a person experiences high levels of stress it can turn into chronic stress, which can cause our cells to age and die faster. We all experience stress daily and need skills in order to manage stress and move on. Individuals who are more resilient to stress tend to do better and be healthier then the individuals who are unable to deal with stress properly and those who have poor management skills in dealing with stress. Diet, exercise, stress, wear and tear all contribute on how are our cellsRead MoreThe Transactional Model Of Stress And Coping786 Words   |  4 Pagespsychological well-being and requiring action to restore balance (Lazarus Cohen, 1977). Beginning in the 1960s and 1970s, stress was considered to be a transactional phenomenon dependant on the meaning of the stimulus to the perceiver (Lazarus, 1966; Antonovsky, 1979). Core Assumptions and Statements The Transactional Model of Stress and Coping is a framework for evaluating the processes of coping with stressful events. Stressful experiences are construed as person-environment transactions. These transactionsRead MoreEssay on Coping with Stress at Work1593 Words   |  7 PagesStress at Work There are many jobs in the world and many professionals carrying them out. Every worker has a task to complete and it isn’t always easy. Jobs can demand a lot and specific deadlines of when things need to be done. Some jobs require workers to have more than just one responsibility. Meeting deadlines and being responsible of other tasks can be a bit stressing at times. Stress is not only at home but it is also suffered in jobs, some more than others. Many workers experience job stress

Reasons for Writing a Research Proposal Exposed

Reasons for Writing a Research Proposal Exposed The Battle Over Reasons for Writing a Research Proposal and How to Win It Writing the background section still might be helpful, however, in demonstrating your distinct view of the issue. An electronic search may throw up lots of hits, but a lot of articles aren't very likely to be detected. Students have to identify a wide selection of resources that they can utilize. They are tempted to look for an affordable online custom service. Getting the Best Reasons for Writing a Research Proposal The introduction part explains the significance of the subject. The questions can lead you to the larger picture and at the exact time it's important that you attempt to compose the research questions in such a way that they address your question in the most effective possible method. Most proposals incorporate a sample chapter, providing you an opportunity to find and hone your voice before producing the entire book. You'll look closely at the arguments to find out what makes them so convincing. The vital objective of our custom writing company is to make sure customers are truly happy with the services they receive. There are lots of reasons you should seek the services of the ideal research proposal writing service. A business ought to have a wide selection of features in order to give literature reviews. Such companies ought to be avoided at any cost. A literature review isn't the exact same as an annotated bibliography. It is a very rigid genre. It implies that work has already been published and it is to be reviewed as well as written in own words. Such a style of writing a literature review is believed to be an inadequate quality. The Argument About Reasons for Writing a Research Proposal Writing a literature review may not be an effortless endeavor for several of the students. From collecting suitable citations and sources to composing a detailed and very clear evaluation of the various themes wit hin the range of the topic, a literature review supplied by the Best Dissertation Writing Service can help you construct a good foundation for a bigger material of work, for example a dissertation. Writing an appropriate introduction is thus very crucial in the total bearing of your dissertation. It is therefore very crucial in the overall bearing of your essay. Such a review doesn't look appealing. The completion of dissertation in 1 week can be achieved by relying on write daily. If you think that you're not prepared to compose a research proposal, then wait some days before you may organize all your thoughts. Then be certain that your proposal has a all-inclusive and current list of the literature included. New Step by Step Roadmap for Reasons for Writing a Research Proposal A business may send out a public announcement requesting proposals for a particular project. If you can't get proposals, then ask your advisor to assist you in getting some, together with have a rea d through. Writing a research proposal is about strict rules and guidelines, which means you should keep in mind all the elements your proposal should contain. The use of the proposal is to be certain that The proposal isn't a fixed blueprint. In case you have too many questions that you want to answer, attempt to rank them in accordance to priority. Don't forget your proposal should contain the principal questions and goals of the upcoming research, and that means you will need to go at your own pace and write down the principal questions you intend to reply. While you have the ability to comprehend the notion of research questions it's also fundamental it's also essential that you have to try your level best to work on it whether you like its significance or not. The goal is to demonstrate an understanding and awareness of all of the current literature and information associated with your topic. Don't add any methods that you're not likely to utilize in your research methodology. It i s problematic for students to find the material applicable to research replies and response on questionnaire. As you are coping with the best of the writing, it is vital you have to attempt to write in compliance with the question that the notion of research questioning may lead to the chance of another research. You may also talk about the subject of your research with your supervisor and come up with one that is appropriate for you. As part of your application you must submit a research proposal indicating a potential topic or area that you want to research. Now you are aware of how to compose a proposal for a research paper and can help it become remarkable, helping your audience to determine whether they would like to read the entire research.